Van der Kolk explains more of the anatomy of the brain, and how specific areas behave normally and when involved in trauma. Key factors in preventing trauma are the ability to run away from a threatening situation and having somewhere safe to run to where the alarms can quiet down. He adds, “Being able to move and do something to protect oneself is a critical factor in determining whether or not a horrible experience will leave long-lasting scars” (55).

Van der Kolk explains the brain’s three main parts: the “reptilian” brain that handles basic functioning; the limbic system that controls emotions and allows us to navigate social networks; and the neocortex, or “rational” brain, which handles higher executive functions. He adds that the reptilian brain and limbic system together “make up what I’ll call the ‘emotional brain’” (57). Interacting with others and the environment is a constant balance between emotional and rational brains. Additionally, our brains contain “mirror neurons,” which are the source of “empathy, imitation, synchrony, and even the development of language” (58).

Further breaking down brain anatomy as it relates specifically to trauma, van der Kolk explains how we process frightening information: The

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