This chapter is the most widely speculative of all of Life 3.0 and concerns the far distant future of life in the further reaches of the universe. It also relies more heavily on Tegmark’s background in mathematics and physics and is therefore the most technical. Tegmark’s guiding question is: “If our old perceived limits of life can be shattered by technology, what are the ultimate limits? How much of our cosmos can come alive?” (203). Here Tegmark explores the theme of Humanity and the Advancement of Conscious Life.

Through a number of disparate scientific concepts and theoretical constructions, as well as a series of diagrams and illustrations of these concepts, Tegmark explores the question of the ultimate limit. He speculates on the unlikelihood of encountering alien life, but that if we do so, they will likely also be extremely ambitious. In a section on “Making the Most of Your Resources,” Tegmark discusses ultimate technological limits via the construction of Dyson Spheres, an artificial device big enough to surround a local star, the purpose of which is to provide extensive habitable space for life. The most basic technological limit is reliant on

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